Fundamentals of
Microbiology
Compiled By: - Mr.
Shubham Kapoor
Q.
______ was the first scientist to observe microorganisms.
A.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Q. ____________ played an important role in
microbial
theory
of fermentation.
A.Louis
Pasteur
Q.
Potato blight, a disease of plants was caused by which fungus?
A.
Phytophthorainfestans
Q.
Which scientist coined the term cell to describe the basic unit of life?
A.
Robert Hooke
Q.
Edward Anthony Jenner is known as Father of ___________?
A.
Immunology
Q.
What is foodborne infection?
A.
A disease caused by the consumption of contaminated foods is known as Food
borne infection
Q.
The organisms living in soil create a community called
A.
Edaphon
Q. In the year ___________ Edward Jenner carried out
first successful vaccination.
A.
1796
Q.
___________discovered the first successful vaccine against polio.
A.
Jonas Salk
Q. Which organism is mainly transmitted indirectly,
through contaminated water especially in brakishcoastal waters?
A. vibrio cholera
Q. Toxic shock syndrome is cause by which organism
A. Staphylococcus aureus
Q. ______________ organism causes gas gangrene?
A.
Clostridium perfringes
Q. In compound microscope _________________ times
useful magnification of image occurs.
A.
1000-2000
Q.
The human eye has resolving power of above_________.
A.
0.2 mm
Q.
Refractive index of immersion oil is ______________.
A.
1.56
Q.
Methylene blue dye is generally used in ___________ staining.
A.
Simple staining
Q.
_______________is the counter stain used in Gram staining.
A.
Safranine
Q. Which microscopic techniques is best suited for
observation of living unstained microorganisms?
A. Phase contrast microscopy
Q. The Nobel prize in physics was awarded to Frits
Zernike in 1953 for discovery of
A. Phase contrast microscopy
Q. Oil immersion (wet mount) is used with objective
of
A. 100X
Q. In wet mount oil is put between _______and
_______?
A. Specimen and objective
Q. ____________ method is used for Observing
bacterial motility
A. Hanging drop method
Q. ____________ is used as decolorizing agent in
staining.
A. Ethyl alcohol
Q. Which type of slide is used for hanging drop
method?
A. Concave slide
Q. In Gram ‘+’ve bacteria the thickness of cell wall
is
A. 20-80nm
Q. What is the purpose of negative stain?
A. The main
purpose of Negative staining is to study the morphological shape, size and
arrangement of the bacteria cells that is difficult to stain. eg: Spirilla. It can also be used to stain cells that
are too delicate to be heat-fixed.
Q. Basic taxonomic group/rank in microbial taxonomy
is __________.
A. species
Q. Microbiologists name microorganisms using the
binomial system given by _____.
A. Carolus
Linnaeus
Q. The water content in prokaryotic cell is around ___________.
A. 70%
Q. What is Bergey's
Manual of Systematic Bacteriology?
A. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology is the main resource
for determining the identity of prokaryotic organisms,
emphasizing bacterial species, using every characterizing aspect.
The manual
was published subsequent to the Bergey's
Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, though the latter is still
published as a guide for identifying unknown bacteria
Q.In
_____ microscopy the background is dark andmicroorganisms are illuminated.
A. Dark field
Q. LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is present in
____________ bacteria.
A. Gram negative
Q. What are acid fast bacteria?
A. Acid-fastness is a physical property of certain bacterial and eukaryotic
cells, as well as some sub-cellular structures, specifically their resistance
to decolorization by acids during laboratory staining procedures. Acid fast bacteria have
a high content of mycolic acids in
their cell walls
Q. Schaeffer-Fulton
Is a method of ________staining
A. Endospore staining
Q. What is classification of microorganisms?
A. The arrangement of organisms into
groups or taxa is calledclassification of microorganisms
Q. In the name of a microorganism Escherichia coli,
coli represents?
A. Species
Q. In negative staining ______________ is used as
staining agent
A. Nigrosine
Q. Who is known as Father of Taxonomy ?
A. Carolus Linnaeus
Q. Who gave the five kingdom classification system?
A. Robert Harding Whittaker
Q. Surfaces of bacterial cells are _____________
charged
A. negative
Q. Which method analyzes the cells suspended in a
liquid medium by light, electrical
conductivity, or fluorescence?
A. Flow cytometry
Q. What is Generation
time?
A. Time
required for a population of microorganism to double in number is known as
generation time.
Q. What is
the term given to the first strain isolated or best characterized?
A. Biovar
Q. Phenotypic (phenetic) classification means _____?
A. Classification by looks
Q. Similarity between two organisms that exists
because the two organisms are closely evolutionarily related ___________?
A. Homology
Q. Numerical taxonomy was first developed by
A. Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath
Q. In batch culture microorganisms has
___________different stages of growth.
A. 4
Q. What is transcription?
A. Synthesis of RNA
Q. Division of cocci shaped bacteria in one plain
(in chain) leads to the formation of which type of arrangement?
A. Streptococci
Q. Mycoplasma is devoid of which of the following
part of the cell?
A. Cell Wall
Q. Which type of bonding is present in between
N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucose amine of bacterial cell wall?
A. Beta 1, 4 glycosidicbond
Q. ________ enzyme digest beta 1, 4 glycosidic bonds
between NAG and NAM?
A. Lysozyme
Q. Bacteria variable in shape and lack a single,
characteristic form are called _______.
A. Pleomorphic
Q. Protein synthesis, DNA and RNA synthesis, and
energy transfer occurs in
A. Cytoplasm
Q. ______ discovered the method of food
preservation.
A. Nicolas Appert
Q. What do you mean by halophiles and xerophiles?
A. The halophiles,
means for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that thrive in high salt
concentrations. Whereas xerophiles are extremophilic organisms that can grow
and reproduce in conditions with a low availability of water, also known as
water activity
Q. Glycogen is a polymer of repeating units of
_____?
A. Glucose
Q. What are Parasporal crystals?
A. Inclusion body present in
endospores-forming bacilli are called as Parasporal crystals
Q. Bacterial spore were discovered in _____ year?
A. 1876
Q. Many bacteria have filamentous appendages called
as ______.
A. Flagella
Q. The bacterial cytoplasm contains
________ribosomes.
A. 70S
Q. Toxin used for the production of Botox or Dysport
A. Botulinium toxin
Q. Biological indicator used for wet heat
sterilization procedure
A. Geobacillusstereothermophillus
Q. Histones are associated with which cell
component?
A. DNA
Q. ____________ is the most preferred method of cell
division in prokaryotes?
A. Binary fission
Q. ____________ stage of mitosis, the chromosomes
reach the poles of their respective spindles and nuclear envelope reforms with
development of nucleolus?
A. Telophase
Q. What is Meiosis?
A. The process which reduces the number of
chromosomes by half so as to maintain the ploidy of parents on fertilization is
known as Meiosis.
Q. Which machine is used for electronic enumeration
of cells
A. Coulter counter
Q. what are Chemoheterotrophs?
A. Chemoheterotrophs are the organisms
which require organic carbon source and chemicals as primary energy source
Q. Microaerophiles usually requires _________% O2?
A. Less than 10%
Q. Heat labile liquids are sterilized by
_____________ method ?
A. Membrane Filteration
Q. Three-Domain System was given by ________________.
A. Carl woese(1978)
Q. What is the process of duplication of chromosomes is
called?
A. Replication
Q. DNA is made up of which of the nitrogenous bases?
A. Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
Q. According to Chargaff's rules, ratio of
pyrimidine and purine bases in DNA should be
A. 1:1
Q. What is a nucleotide molecule made up of?
A. Deoxyribose sugar phosphate group and
nitrogenous base
Q. The DNA strand which is made up continuously is
called as
A. Leading strand
Q. In the lagging strand, the enzyme which removes
the RNA primers is known as
A. DNA Poly 1- exonuclease
Q. Process of uptake of naked DNA by the recipient
cell is known as
A. Transformation
Q. Gram positive bacteria without cell wall called
as ___________.
A. Protoplast
Q. What are Competent?
A. Bacteria under the growth stage in
which they can take up naked DNA from environment, are known as Competent.
Q. Which scientist conducted the U tube experiment
to prove that physical contact of the cells is necessary for gene transfer in
conjugation?
A. Bernard Davis
Q. A piece of DNA that is self replicative and acts
as a carrier of foreign DNA to the host cell is known as ___________?
A. Vector
Q. What is nitrification?
A. Conversion of ammonia to nitrites and
then nitrites to nitrates is known as nitrification.
Q. The amount of oxygen used up in any specified
time by water microorganisms is called
A. Biological oxygen demand
Q. Bacteria
have a cluster (bunch) of flagella at one or both ends are known as
_____________.
A. Lophotrichous
bacteria
Refrences:
1. ICAR E-course
2. NDRI class notes
3. Wikipedia
4. Previous year question papers
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